Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia 

Department of Software Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Faculty of Computer Science and Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Computer and Information Science Department, Univer sity Technology Patroness, Malaysia 

Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Univ ersiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

1Department of Administrative Studies and Politics, University of Malaya, Malaysia 2Department of Applied Statistics, University of Malaya, Malaysia 3Department of Educational Management, Planning and Policy, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Malaysia 2Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Malaysia 

and Noorhidawati Abdullah1 1Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technol ogy, University of Malaya, Malaysia 2Office of the Vice Chancellor, University Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia 

and Mohammad BinIdris3 1Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Information Systems, King Saud Univer sity, Saudi Arabia 3Faculty of Computer Science and Information Systems, University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia

School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malay sia, Malaysia 

 Faculty of Computer Science and Information Techno logy, University of Malaya, Malaysia 

Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technol ogy, University of Malaya, Malaysia 2Malaysian Institute of Information Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 

Nor Azrini Jaafar1, Nor Azman Ismail1, Kamarul Azmi Jasmi2, and Yusman Azimi Yusoff1 1Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 2Faculty of Islamic Civilization, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia

Mohammed Shuaib1 and Zarita Zainuddin2 1Department of Computer Sciences and Information, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, KSA 2School of Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Aafaq Zahid1, Nurfadhlina Mohd Sharef1, and Aida Mustapha2 1Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 2Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,